The Geological Sciences or Earth Sciences are multidisciplinary sciences that apply principles from many different fields to deal with all aspects of the solid Earth and its interactions with the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and Solar System. Quantitative data is provided through fieldwork, laboratory analysis and theoretical modeling for understanding the physical, chemical and biological behaviour and characteristics of Earth materials – rocks, minerals, fossils, liquids and gases. Once the nature and extent of the Earth’s natural evolution is understood and quantified, as well as the more recent environmental impact of human activity, they can help tackle many resource extraction, mineral processing and environmental problems, and predict future changes to the Earth.